Az ember okozta kornyezeti artalmak kozott a CO2 "termelese" a
legjelentosebb.
Emiatt emelkedett 1 Celsius-fokkal a globalis atlaghomerseklet ebben a
szazadban, es ennek hatasa, az "?veghazhatas" eppen most, az utobbi
evekben kezd komoly valtozasokat eloidezni a glob?lis idojarasban.
Ennek kapcsan idezem az alabbit:
"" 1999, Berlin, IEA Heat Pump konferencia
Prof.Dr.techn.Hermann Halozan,
Grazi Egyetem
az Eur?pai Unio Ho"szivattyu's Programja  Ve'grehajto' Bizottsa'ga'nak
Elnoke
aja'nla'sa.
A Kyotoi Egyezme'ny megkoveteli a politikai donte'seket az uvegha'zhata's
csokkente'se're: a ho"szivattyu's technolo'gia az egyik kulcsa e ce'l
ele're'se
'nek.
1824-ben S. Carnot dolgozta ki a ho"szivattyu' elme'leti alapja't,
vagyis a megfordithato'sa'ga't a ho" term?szetes folyama'nak,
mely a magasabb szintro"l az alacsonyabb fele' a'ramlik.
Az olaja'r robbana'sa osszpontositotta az e'rdeklo"de'st erre a
technolo'gia'ra
,
e's ma ma'r vila'gszerte 90 milli? ho"szivattyu's egyse'g
570 TWh/e'v teljesitme'nnyel ke'pes a CO2 emisszio't  e'vi 120 MT-val
csokkenteni. Csupa'n az e'puletekben mu"kodo" ho"szivattyu'k
6%-kal csokkentik  a vila'g jelenlegi 20 GT/e'v CO2 emisszio'ja't.
Ez az egyszeru" technolo'gia egyike a legnagyobb CO2 csokkento"
potencia'lnak. ""
Eddig az idezet, es hozzatennem:
A fent emlitett technologia vilagviszonylatban az epuletek futese
valamint hofelhasznalo ipari folyamatok teruleten csokkenti a
hagyomanyos (fosszilis) tuzeloanyagok felhasznalasat, ?s ezzel
a CO2 kibocsajtast (is).
(a hoszivattyus futoberendezes energiafelhasznalasa
a hagyomanyos kazanokenak mindossze a negyede...)
Ezen a teren legfejlettebb Svajc, itt a haztartasok fele hasznalja.
Vilagviszonylatban 1-2 % koruli eme technologia reszaranya...
 ..a CO2 kibocsatas pedig napjainkban is folyamatosan emelkedik...
 UDV: Gyurmo' - to'l

> Felado : Schirger Richard Mosonmagyarovar
> Temakor: Karositott kornyezet ? ( 24 sor )
>Farkasfa kornyeken a fak kozott vizet latva megfordultunk es lementunk a
>partra. Meglepoen sokan voltak mar ott. Csaladok gyerekekkel, horgaszok,
>fiatalok, parok. Mindenki jol erezte magat a mestersegesen duzzasztott
>tavacska partjan.
>Es akkor ketsegek merultek fel bennem. Vajon tenyleg olyan nagy kornyezeti
>katasztrofa lenne a Bos - Nagymarosi duzzasztoparos?
Kedves Richard,
Az irasod jo gondolatebreszto, de kenytelen vagyok roviden valaszolni.
0. A vilag bonyolult. En nem tudom felmerni a dunai duzzasztorendszer
   kornyezeti hatasait, de dolgoztam vegyiparban (most tavkozlesben) es
   van nemi elkepzelesem arrol, hogy a messzirol egyszerunek tuno dolgok
   valojaban milyen hihetetlenul osszetettek. Ez a szepsege, csomagolsz
   a muanyag zacskoba anelkul, hogy ismerned kellene az eloallitasara
   hasznalt gyarban mukodo kulonfele robbanasbiztos villamos berendezesek
   karbantartasara es ellenorzesere vonatkozo kulonleges eloirasokat
   amikrol X ezer oldalnyi szabvany rendelkezik (en ezzel foglalkoztam).
1. Ami kicsiben szep es jo, nagyban esetleg nem. De lehet, hogy a dunai
   vizlepcsorendszer kiotloit ez a gondolat vezette: nagyobb -> szebb?
2. Egy aprosag, ami talan elkerulte a figyelmed: mindket felduzzaasztott
   patakocska dombok/hegyek kozott csobog. Bosnel a kornyek olyan lapos,
   amilyet keveset talalni...
3. A kornyezeti hatasok a meret novekedesevel ugrasszeruen jelentkeznek.
   Mondjuk nem mindegy, hogy szaraz gallyakbol tuzet rax szalonnat sutni
   vagy felgyujtod az erdot. Tuz, fustol mindketto, de mecsoda kulobseg.
Nem tudom ertheto voltam-e.
Udv///Laci

A TALE OF TWO FISHERIES
At the beginning of this millennium the Norse began to fish what is now
called
the Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland.  In 1501 the Company of
Adventurers to the New Found Lands was chartered in England to make summer
expeditions to that rich fishing ground.  For the next 500 years, the Grand
Banks yielded up vast wealth.  In 1981 the fishery brought in 779,000
metric
tons of groundfish, mostly cod, worth $705 million.  East-coast Canada
boasted
29,000 registered fishing vessels and over 1000 fish-processing plants.
The
fishery employed 62,000 people in 1300 communities, 20 percent of all the
jobs
in Newfoundland.
Then, after 1000 years, it was over.  Not suddenly.  The catch declined for
20
years.  Just about everyone saw what was coming.  Many issued warnings.
The
government imposed quotas, but the fleet couldn't even manage to land the
quotas, a blatant sign that they were set too high.  Finally in 1992 the
cod
fishery was essentially closed.  No one knows whether it will ever recover.
If you want to assign blame for this destruction of a resource that should
have
been renewable forever, you can point in many directions.  At the Canadian
fishermen, who knew better than anyone that their golden goose was dying,
yet
opposed their government's attempt to revive it.  At the foreign fleets
that
invaded the 200-mile limit, cheated on quotas, falsified records.
Technology, so often hailed as our way out of any problem, was a direct
cause
of this one.  Only after 1954, when the first factory trawler made its
appearance on the Grand Banks (it was a British ship, rapidly followed by
Russian and Spanish ones) was it actually possible to catch all the fish.
Here is how Michael Harris in his book "Lament for an Ocean" describes
these
vessels:  "The net and rigging are engineered to haul fifty to sixty tons
of
fish at a time.  One hundred tons of mature cod can be taken in just two
hours
by these killing machines.  The huge trawl is hoisted up and with a sudden
*whoosh* tons of cod shoot through the hatches to the factory deck below.
Cod
are loaded on conveyer belts that lead to the filleting machines.  [The
fillets
are] packed into ... blocks, frozen and stored....  The offal and so-called
trash fish are sent to the fish-meal factory on a lower deck."
"If a vessel from a particular fleet hits a "hot spot," her captain will
call
in sister ships to work the shoal.  As many as fifty factory-freezers will
converge, fishing non-stop until nothing is left....  Electronic
fish-finders,
echographs, and even mini-subs are used to locate shoals of fish.  The
newest
sonar devices can scan the ocean two miles in advance of a working
trawler."
You could blame this voracious technology, except that across the ocean
another
nation, equally dependent on a cod fishery, faced with the same technology,
hearing the same kinds of warnings, managed to save its fishery.
In 1989 Norwegian scientists warned that the cod population in the Barents
Sea
was plummeting.  They advised that the normal quota for the catch, about
800,000 tons, be drastically reduced.  This idea was received, as in
Canada,
with panic, demonstrations, pleas from coastal communities, political
threats.
In Norway the government hung tough.  As one fisheries official said, "The
main
qualification to survive one week as minister of fisheries is that you have
to
be tough, because it's the most unpopular occupation you could have in
Norway."
The Norwegian government slashed the cod quota, reducing fishing incomes by
over 80 percent.  It put a moratorium on catching caplin, the main food of
the
cod.  It banned fishing on the spawning grounds.  No one had proved that
dragging huge nets through schools of spawning cod interfered with
reproduction, but the Norwegians assumed that reproducing fish should be
left
alone, if you want fish in the future.
Both Norway and Canada are compassionate nations.  They supported their
fishing
communities while the fisheries were down, in each case at a cost of
billions
of dollars.  But Canada, in its compassion (and bowing to immense political
pressure), closed the fishery too late and incompletely, didn't ban fishing
on
spawning grounds, didn't stop caplin fishing, and enforced its restrictions
tepidly (especially on foreign vessels).  Canada is still supporting its
ex-fishermen.  Norway no longer needs to.
After three years of Norway's intense restrictions, the Barents Sea cod
population began to rise.  The government cautiously raised its quota to
248,000 tons, double the 1990 quota, but far below historic catches.  By
1997
there had been such a stunning recovery that the quota went up to 850,000
tons.
Unable to process that catch themselves, the Norwegians kindly sent some of
it
to the idle fish plants of Canada.
Given the rate at which fisheries are crashing all over the world, it is
not
clear that anyone is eager to learn lessons from anyone else.  But I see at
least two lessons from the Norwegians' happy example -- lessons that apply
far
beyond fisheries.  One is that it is crazy to save jobs in the short term
by
endangering the resource upon which the jobs depend.  The other is that
social
policy, and especially regulatory policy, must keep up with technical
change.
A world of powerful technology requires strong regulation.  Those who wield
the
technology ought to be the first to demand that regulation, to ensure their
own
survival.
(The full, frustrating story of the Canadian cod disaster can be found in
Michael Harris, *Lament for an Ocean*, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto,
1998.)
(Donella H. Meadows is director of the Sustainability Institute and an
adjunct
professor of environmental studies at Dartmouth College.)

Sziasztok!
Felek, hamarosan megyunk a Vitara. Bos-Nagymaros orok es halhatatlan, sok
embert sikerult a gondolattal megfertozni. A lenyeg:
Magyarorszagon rengeteg gyonyoru kornyezetben levo valamikori patakmederben
duzzasztott to (altalaban elsodlegesen horgaszok altal hasznositott)
talalhato. Az altalanossagban elmondhato, hogy ezeknek a duzzasztott
tavaknak az elovilaga sokkal szegenyesebb mint az eredeti
(elhanyagolt=termeszetes) patakmedernek. Mind a flora, mind a fauna
elszegenyedese automatikusan koveti a duzzasztast. (Ami marad, persze
kivulallo szemevel nezve szep is lehet.) Az is altalanos tapasztalat, hogy
bar ezeket a tavakat csak egy szukebb tarsasag (helyi horgaszegyesuletek,
onkormanyzat kht-ja, stb.) hasznositja, tobb evtized alatt itt is
jellemzove
valik a tulzott N-P bevitel, az ezt koveto algasodas. Es ugye itt is
mukodik
a tavakra jellemzo feltoltodes, ami ellen alt. kotrassal vedekeznek. (Ujabb
erelyes beavatkozas a kornyezetbe.) A to alatt a vizhozam csokken, a
vizminoseg romlik, ennek kovetkezteben nem csak a to teruletere, hanem a
megmaradt patakmederre is igaz a diverzitas csokkenese, a fajszamcsokkenes.
De teny az, hogy a to nehany falu lakossaganak joleti szempontbol
evtizedekig hasznara valhat. (Gondolkozhatunk evtizedekben?)
Jojjon a leragott csont:
A max. talajbol kimosott N maradvanyokat tartalmazo patakot nem
hasonlithajuk ossze a Dunaval. A Duna egy vilagviszonylatban is kozepesen
nagynak tartott folyo, x orszag szennyet+egy jelentos hordalekmennyiseget
hordoz mire ideer. Ha egy folyot duzzasztunk (igy lelassitunk), a hordalek
es a szenny egy jelentos reszet a duzzasztas helyen lerakja. A hajozas
biztositasa erdekeben ezt a veszelyes hulladekot adott idokozonkent el kell
tavolitani majd a mederbol. Ekkor sem tudod a feldusult szennyezest
maradektalanul eltavolitani, ami szenny marad, az x ido alatt a felszin
alatti ivovizkeszletedet fogja megmergezni.
Ha megengeded, nem kivanok kellemes udulest/kikapcsolodast a leendo
duzzasztomu partjara.
Istvan
************************************************************
          
Mad?rt?vlat ?s T?zok foly?iratok madar?szoknak:
                http://www.c3.hu/~madartav
************************************************************

Tisztelt Kornyesz Olvasok!
Nemsokara megjelenik a piacon egy magyar fejlesztesu, magyar nyelvu
multimedia-fejleszto rendszer, PC-s kornyezethez. Elsodleges celunk
az altalanos es kozepiskolak ellatasa a szoftverrel, a fejlesztes soran is
fontosnak tartottuk az oktatasi celu felhasznalas tamogatasat. Celjainknak
megfeleloen a szoftvert az iskolak ingyenesen kapjak meg, nemi bemutato
oktatasi anyaggal egyetemben.
A programcsomaggal felhasznalhato formaban tervezzuk tananyagok
megjelenteteset is CD-ROM kiadvanykent, melyek kepeket, hangot,
video anyagot es irott dokumentumokat tartalmazhatnak.
Kornyezetvedelem-termeszetvedelem temakorben keresek olyan erdeklodo
szakembereket, tanarokat, egyetemi hallgatokat es szervezeteket, akik
szivesen
kozremukodnenek a temahoz kapcsolodo anyag osszeallitasaban,
gondozasaban.
Erdeklodesuket elore is koszonom:
Tegze S?ndor

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